This proverb means that prompt action saves a lot of time and money. For instance, if a shirt is torn, we must mend it soon or else the hole will become larger and we will have to throw it away. If anything is wrong with a machine, it is advisable for us to repair it at the earliest. Unless we do so, we will be forced to spend more money on it later. In the same way, we must consult a doctor if we are ill; In other words we must undergo treatment even when we see the signs and symptoms of a disease. Any negligence on our part to do so will make our condition worse. In short, the work done at the right time saves much energy and expenses. If the error or defect is not set right in time, it may become serious or even irreparable in course of time.
Sunday, December 2, 2012
A Short Essay on All That Glitters is not Gold
This proverb implies that appearance alone cannot be a criterion for deciding the quality of a person or thing. We are often misled by appearances. Gold is bright and glittering. But we cannot say that all bright and glittering things are gold. Shakespeare says in “The Merchant of Venice”, “All that glitters is not gold.” Bassanio does not choose Portia’s portrait from the glittering gold or silver box. He chooses the box made of lead. We must keep this saying in mind when we judge a man, too. Some men appear to be of pleasing character. They may be humble, too. All these may be their pretence. There are some others who appear to be gruff. There may be kindness beneath gruffness. What is meant is that we should not judge a man only from what he appears to be. Appearances are often deceptive.
Short Essay on Union is strength
This proverb can be illustrated with the story of a father who taught his sons the necessity of unity among them. The story thus goes: His sons were constantly quarreling among them. The father wished to teach them the value of unity. So, one day, he gave them a bundle of sticks and asked them to break the bundle. None of his sons could do it. Then he took out from the bundle one stick after another and asked them to break each stick. Even the weakest among them could easily break a stick. From this his sons learn the maxim “United we stand, divided we fall”. Since then they lived with perfect unanimity. This is true in the case of nation also.
The Pen is Mightier than the Sword
This proverb means that a writer is more powerful than a fighter. Men like Napoleon or Alexander the great, might be able to impress the people of their times. But the influence of a writer lasts longer. The French revolution is a milestone in the history of mankind. It paved the way for drastic changes in many parts of the world. In a sense we can say that writers like Voltaire and Rousseau were able to shape the destiny of nations. Napoleon may be forgotten. Nelson may be forgotten. But Shakespeare will be remembered for ever. Homer will be remembered for ever for his contribution to our culture. Let us be proud of them.
Thursday, October 27, 2011
Rural Education Program in India
Education is one of the main and basic need of the life of everyone. Without education man is like an animal. In our country Lord Macauly in 1853 started the education of English. Lord Macauly wanted to establish a new segment or class of Babu for working in the Government offices of British Govt. After independence Government started a big programme of spreading education all over the country. in this programme primary, secondary, higher secondary schools and Graduate and Post Graduate colleges were open.
The basic thought behind the establishment of these schools is that there must be a primary school in every villages and must be a Inter College between three or four villages. There are almost 5,51,137 villages in India and almost 6,50,000 primary schools about 1,50,000 primary schools are going on in the cities and urban areas and almost 5,00,000 schools are in villages. About 2,00,000 Inter colleges are running in the country in which about 1,20,000 are going on in Urban areas. Government of India and the Provincial Government is regularly working for the progress of education in the country and their main emphasis on the development of rural education.
There are a lot of problems in rural education. Those teachers are appointed in the schools and colleges of the rural areas they don’t try to gave the students good education their main aim is to kill their time here and they do efforts of their transfer and they have no interest in performing their duty well. The villagers are not very serious about the education of their children. They feel very hesitation in sending their children to school. They thought that if their children getting the education then they don’t do their agricultural works and this thought also prove right. The women education in the rural areas is also in a very bad condition. The villagers don’t send their daughters to school. They said that the daughters don’t need education their main work is working in the house, if their daughters go to school then her thought should be changed and it will not good. The society of village still can’t leave the conservative thought they think that it is not right that the boys and girls sitting together in the class, so they don’t ready to sent their daughters in school.
From more than hundred years our farmer robbed and cheated by the money landers and Mahajans. They gave loan to the farmers against their property (Agricultural land, animal or house etc.) and this farmer spent his whole life under this debt. In spite of doing payment the money lender captured its land or house and sometimes the loan of father was paid by his son.
By this the Mahajans and moneylenders became richer and richer and the farmers had to live his whole life into dept. The main reason of this poorest condition of farmers was the illiteracy. Now a days we also find illiteracy in thousands of villages. The reason of the illiteracy was the somewhere the lack of education facilities and some where the passiveness of the people about education.
It is right that Government is working to extension of schools. Colleges in villages but we have to change the mentality of the teaching staff as well as our villagers. If the teachers don’t pay any attention towards their duty then these schools and colleges become empty. The teachers encourage the village people to send their children into schools and colleges aware them about the benefits of education and told them that with education your child can live a good life and he can move towards his progress. These children come to schools and colleges they must educate them in this way that they understand the meaning of education and feel better than the time of illiteracy. A educate child motivate many other children to come to school this is the main thing which become a milestone of our vast scale educational establishment.
Now many social workers are working with Government for the rural education. The Government very fastly spreading the education facilities in villages and also spreading the awareness about the education in the villages. Mahatma Gandhi once said that India can’t progress without the progress of the villages, so if we develop our villages then India must be develop but without education any type of development is impossible, so we must educate the people of rural India. The educated people of rural India must play very important role in the development of country.
Sunday, October 12, 2008
India's Five Year Plans
Ever since India got its independence, we are working our economy as per the Five Year Plans. This system of framing Five Year Plans was a good arrangement devised, by which the growth in different spheres could be suggested monitored while functioning and changed if the necessity arose. These mega plans have served us as building blocks of our national economy. A brief overview of these plans would give us a fairly clear picture of our developmental programmes. These plans would also highlight for us the targets set through these fifty years of India’s independence.
The First Five Year Plan came into existence for the years 1951 – 1956. This had a public sector outlay of Rs. 2356 crore – while the actual expenditure was only Rs. 1960 crores. The Private Sector investment was 1800 crores. The chief features of this plan was the spread of community development projects and an effort to raise the living standards of the people.
The Second Five Year Plan was to cover the period from 1956 – 1961. this plan had its set objective in industrialization – the building up of rural India and the enhancing of employment opportunities. Now, in this Plan, the Public Sector outlay was Rs. 4800 crores, and the actual expenditure was only Rs. 4672 crores. The Private Sector investment was Rs. 3110 crores. It was in this period that the National income rose by 19.5 per cent.
The Third Five Year Plan covered the period from 1961 – 1966. This Plan targeted an increase in the national income by about 5% per annum. Besides this, self sufficiency in food and the development of sectors like steel, fuel, machinery and power had become the prime objectives. The public sector outlay was Rs. 7500 croes and expenditures was Rs. 8577 crores. Private sector investment was now Rs. 4190 crores. This plan failed owing to price rise of about 20 per cent, Chinese aggression, Indo – Pak conflict and to cap it all a poor monsoon. All these factors contributed to failure of this plan. The year 1964 – ’65, was declared as a period of ‘Plan Holiday’.
The Forth Five Year Plan was then made to cover the period of 1969 – 74. This Plan had two main objectives. It had ensured that growth would be followed with stability and self reliance.
At this time still another target to be followed was the attainment of social justice and upliftment of the weaker sections of the society. In this plan, the Public Sector outlay was Rs. 15902 crores, and that of the Private Sector was Rs. 8980 crores. It seems that, the target levels were always now being set too high and so, here again the target growth of 5.7% was never achieved.
The Fifth Five Year Plan dates from 1974 – 79. This plan once agains aimed to remove poverty and achieving self reliance. This plan started a minimum need programme with measures for checking inflation. This time the outlay for the public sector was Rs. 3030 crores and the private sector outlay was Rs. 2704 crores. This plan was terminated in the fourth year only i.e. 1978 only. The national income increased at 5.2 per cent.
The Sixth Five Year Plan covered the period from 1980 – 85. This Plan had several objectives like growth rate of the economy, reduction in poverty and unemployment, improvement in the general quality of life. An eye was also to be kept on the growth of population and improvement was to be made in the ecological and environmental assets of the nation. Provising the Public Sector outlay was made Rs. 97500 crores that for and the private sector was Rs. 75710 crores. In the process of this plan period, the national income grew at 5.4 per cent per annum.
The Seventh Plan period covered the years 1985 – ’90. This also targeted growth in the production of food grains, the increase of opportunities of employment and the raising of productivity in all sectors of economy. Now the public sector outlay was Rs. 180,00 crores. In this period many targets were even exceeded. The annual growth rate of GDP was 5.8 per cent as against the plan target of 5 per cent. The production of food grains increased however, public sector savings fell short of the target. The gap between income and expenditure of the Government increased.
The Eight Five Year Plan was from the year 1992 – ’97. This was delayed by two years. This plan had also set for itself several objectives, like the generation of employment, control of population growth, spread of elementary education and the growth of economy, in order to enable the Indian economy to compete with major free markets of the world.
The Ninth Five Year Plan was to cover the year from 1997 to 2002 and has an outlay of Rs. 8,80,000 crores. This plan was rather ambitious.
With an overview of the Indian Five Year Plan we can say that they have undoubtedly been tools in the boosting and the shaping of our economy. We have been able to meet many of the objectives laid down by the plans. These plans have succeeded in building the industrial and economic infrastructure of the country. The growth of the Private Sector can also be attributed to these plans.
These plans have helped us in building ourselves, but, they are not without their limitations and bottlenecks. The major setbacks are redtapism, bureaucratic delays, unstable Governments, misallocation of resources to non priority areas. With these on going hazards, our economy faces a slowdown and thus, the growth rate is now less than 5%. The core sectors are being ignored by planners in the interest of their short term gains.
While making such plans we must remember to project a well balanced plan so that development of infrastructure and improvement of standard of living of the messes go hand in hand. So, in brief, we can say that such plans form a very good and efficient system but such planning should be balanced and must be worked in a systematic way. Goals must be set for all sections of our society and we must ensure that the implementation of these set goals are followed to the last word and it must be seen that the goals must see that all sections of the society grow along simultaneously.
However, down the line, there has been something wrong, somewhere and that is why as we see the economic scenario in India there is a considerable gaping gap between the haves and the Have Nots. This in itself indicates that there has been something intrinsically wrong in our economic policies which have made the rich become richer and the poor become poorer. This not the purpose of any develop in economy. The year’s financial programming must see that the benefits accrue to the poorest of the poor. We have had slogans of Garibi Hatao but, in practice they were just eye catching slogans, not apparently meant to be followed by successive Governments of the last fifty decades. If this slogan had been earnestly worked upon, be sure we would not find this poverty in India, and India trailing behind in the list of third world powers.
The First Five Year Plan came into existence for the years 1951 – 1956. This had a public sector outlay of Rs. 2356 crore – while the actual expenditure was only Rs. 1960 crores. The Private Sector investment was 1800 crores. The chief features of this plan was the spread of community development projects and an effort to raise the living standards of the people.
The Second Five Year Plan was to cover the period from 1956 – 1961. this plan had its set objective in industrialization – the building up of rural India and the enhancing of employment opportunities. Now, in this Plan, the Public Sector outlay was Rs. 4800 crores, and the actual expenditure was only Rs. 4672 crores. The Private Sector investment was Rs. 3110 crores. It was in this period that the National income rose by 19.5 per cent.
The Third Five Year Plan covered the period from 1961 – 1966. This Plan targeted an increase in the national income by about 5% per annum. Besides this, self sufficiency in food and the development of sectors like steel, fuel, machinery and power had become the prime objectives. The public sector outlay was Rs. 7500 croes and expenditures was Rs. 8577 crores. Private sector investment was now Rs. 4190 crores. This plan failed owing to price rise of about 20 per cent, Chinese aggression, Indo – Pak conflict and to cap it all a poor monsoon. All these factors contributed to failure of this plan. The year 1964 – ’65, was declared as a period of ‘Plan Holiday’.
The Forth Five Year Plan was then made to cover the period of 1969 – 74. This Plan had two main objectives. It had ensured that growth would be followed with stability and self reliance.
At this time still another target to be followed was the attainment of social justice and upliftment of the weaker sections of the society. In this plan, the Public Sector outlay was Rs. 15902 crores, and that of the Private Sector was Rs. 8980 crores. It seems that, the target levels were always now being set too high and so, here again the target growth of 5.7% was never achieved.
The Fifth Five Year Plan dates from 1974 – 79. This plan once agains aimed to remove poverty and achieving self reliance. This plan started a minimum need programme with measures for checking inflation. This time the outlay for the public sector was Rs. 3030 crores and the private sector outlay was Rs. 2704 crores. This plan was terminated in the fourth year only i.e. 1978 only. The national income increased at 5.2 per cent.
The Sixth Five Year Plan covered the period from 1980 – 85. This Plan had several objectives like growth rate of the economy, reduction in poverty and unemployment, improvement in the general quality of life. An eye was also to be kept on the growth of population and improvement was to be made in the ecological and environmental assets of the nation. Provising the Public Sector outlay was made Rs. 97500 crores that for and the private sector was Rs. 75710 crores. In the process of this plan period, the national income grew at 5.4 per cent per annum.
The Seventh Plan period covered the years 1985 – ’90. This also targeted growth in the production of food grains, the increase of opportunities of employment and the raising of productivity in all sectors of economy. Now the public sector outlay was Rs. 180,00 crores. In this period many targets were even exceeded. The annual growth rate of GDP was 5.8 per cent as against the plan target of 5 per cent. The production of food grains increased however, public sector savings fell short of the target. The gap between income and expenditure of the Government increased.
The Eight Five Year Plan was from the year 1992 – ’97. This was delayed by two years. This plan had also set for itself several objectives, like the generation of employment, control of population growth, spread of elementary education and the growth of economy, in order to enable the Indian economy to compete with major free markets of the world.
The Ninth Five Year Plan was to cover the year from 1997 to 2002 and has an outlay of Rs. 8,80,000 crores. This plan was rather ambitious.
With an overview of the Indian Five Year Plan we can say that they have undoubtedly been tools in the boosting and the shaping of our economy. We have been able to meet many of the objectives laid down by the plans. These plans have succeeded in building the industrial and economic infrastructure of the country. The growth of the Private Sector can also be attributed to these plans.
These plans have helped us in building ourselves, but, they are not without their limitations and bottlenecks. The major setbacks are redtapism, bureaucratic delays, unstable Governments, misallocation of resources to non priority areas. With these on going hazards, our economy faces a slowdown and thus, the growth rate is now less than 5%. The core sectors are being ignored by planners in the interest of their short term gains.
While making such plans we must remember to project a well balanced plan so that development of infrastructure and improvement of standard of living of the messes go hand in hand. So, in brief, we can say that such plans form a very good and efficient system but such planning should be balanced and must be worked in a systematic way. Goals must be set for all sections of our society and we must ensure that the implementation of these set goals are followed to the last word and it must be seen that the goals must see that all sections of the society grow along simultaneously.
However, down the line, there has been something wrong, somewhere and that is why as we see the economic scenario in India there is a considerable gaping gap between the haves and the Have Nots. This in itself indicates that there has been something intrinsically wrong in our economic policies which have made the rich become richer and the poor become poorer. This not the purpose of any develop in economy. The year’s financial programming must see that the benefits accrue to the poorest of the poor. We have had slogans of Garibi Hatao but, in practice they were just eye catching slogans, not apparently meant to be followed by successive Governments of the last fifty decades. If this slogan had been earnestly worked upon, be sure we would not find this poverty in India, and India trailing behind in the list of third world powers.
The Economic Liberalization
Let us first consider as to what really does this word of economic liberalization mean. This means in very simple terms, a free market economy. The idea of liberalization endorses to is to eliminate an inefficient and non productive system.
It was during the early eighties that, the need for boosting up Indian economy was first felt. Even though the performance in all sector, the economy had not yet developed an strength to really take off. Moreover, even by this decade of the eighties the benefits of all the development had not yet percolated down to the masses. Economic progress was undoubtedly seen but, it was felt that, it was not enough to propel the engines of growth. While India was still languishing under the pains of undergrowth, the economies of China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, and Singapore were performing very well in contrast. There had been a marked rise in their per capita incomes which were enough to provide good standards of living to their entire populations.
At this juncture, the Indian Political scenario changed and in 1989, Rajiv Gandhi came to power. It was he who decided that, now it was high time that India should also come towards a free market economy. The economic front of all hues welcomed this move. The idea was to get rid of an inefficient and unproductive system and bring in a new and transparent economy which would also globally oriented. It was now that imports were liberalized, exports increased, all because an efficient Exim policy. Import of gold was liberalized in the 90s, and it was now decided by the Government to open Indian markets for foreign products and technologies.
After the death of Rajiv Gandhi, there were continuous changes in the political scenario, but these reforms managed to continue. The years 1995 – ’97 witnessed a slow down in the economic growth in the regime of the United Front Government. However, from the year 1998 onwards the new BJP Government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee has to undertake the responsibility of continuing the economic reforms started in the eighties. This present Government of the BJP has done very well by bringing more items for importing, under the category of Open General License (OGP), which is expected to promote more and better dialogue between importers and foreign vendors for their particular items.
This pace of economic liberalization would also show in terms of lay off of inefficient staff of the PSUs. This step though harsh is quite inevitable, e.g. the Government has for decades been paying salaries to useless staff of the National Textile Corporation Mills, a number of sick mills of the NTC may have to be sold off to the Corporate Sector. With a rapid pace of economic liberalization, firms from other countries would fill our markets with quality goods at cheaper rates. The Indian fill our markets with quality goods at cheaper rates. The Indian manufacturer is already feeling the pinch in the Sectors of the computer, textiles, light machinery, consumer electronic goods, and several other consumer goods items.
With the liberalization of economy, it is imminent that, exports and imports would both get an impetus, thus fastening the economic growth of the country.
Let us now analyse how this economic liberalization would help the common Indian masses. This liberalization would enhance the living standards of the Indians in general. The Indian consumer would now have a wide range of choices in television, music system, cars, clothes and textiles and several other consumer products. This has come into being because of the competition with foreign players in India. Computerization is expanding at a very fast speed, and so now, we are producing the best machinery products and services with foreign collaboration. Redtapism is also seen to be reducing, and the once adamant bureaucracy is now seen helping in the growth of Indian economy. The latest techniques in management are now being adapted by us.
Besides these advantages, the Private Sector has also been allowed a free hand in domestic foreign trade. The system of licensing has been liberalized.
Now, the rural masses are also enjoying the advantages of the liberal policies of the Government. All rural areas now have access to colour Tvs, cable network and telephones. The STD and ISD have also reached the interiors of rural India. Besides just these, the rural people are also now enjoying a better standard of living, due to the coming of new and cheaper technologies in the Indian economy scenario refrigerators, TVs, computers, water pumps, health facilities, medicines transport and vehicles are the blessings of this liberalized economy.
This flourishing of a liberal economy of India is of course, not without its drawbacks. The multinationals who have entered the Indian scene, have elbowed away several local competitors from the scene, which has made the local manufacturer suffer heavily as, they have lost the battle in the competition against Multinational Companies. This economic liberalization has opened for us huge vistas of a free market system. In this system, the rich may be able to compete but the 52% of our population that is below poverty line will no longer succeed in getting a Government loan or a grant, so, this small business community will get enmeshed in the labarynth of absolute poverty. Thus, in a way this liberalization of economy will make the poor still poorer.
Thus summing, we can say that, economic liberalization is a slow and cumbersome process. In this process each one of us has to join hands with the state, and learn to waster less and produce more. The state and the individual must move hand in hand do that the nation grows as one single unit. We should not get scared of any of these teething troubles of economic liberalization and continue to go ahead with the process till we get out of the woods and become an economic power like China and others.
It was during the early eighties that, the need for boosting up Indian economy was first felt. Even though the performance in all sector, the economy had not yet developed an strength to really take off. Moreover, even by this decade of the eighties the benefits of all the development had not yet percolated down to the masses. Economic progress was undoubtedly seen but, it was felt that, it was not enough to propel the engines of growth. While India was still languishing under the pains of undergrowth, the economies of China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, and Singapore were performing very well in contrast. There had been a marked rise in their per capita incomes which were enough to provide good standards of living to their entire populations.
At this juncture, the Indian Political scenario changed and in 1989, Rajiv Gandhi came to power. It was he who decided that, now it was high time that India should also come towards a free market economy. The economic front of all hues welcomed this move. The idea was to get rid of an inefficient and unproductive system and bring in a new and transparent economy which would also globally oriented. It was now that imports were liberalized, exports increased, all because an efficient Exim policy. Import of gold was liberalized in the 90s, and it was now decided by the Government to open Indian markets for foreign products and technologies.
After the death of Rajiv Gandhi, there were continuous changes in the political scenario, but these reforms managed to continue. The years 1995 – ’97 witnessed a slow down in the economic growth in the regime of the United Front Government. However, from the year 1998 onwards the new BJP Government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee has to undertake the responsibility of continuing the economic reforms started in the eighties. This present Government of the BJP has done very well by bringing more items for importing, under the category of Open General License (OGP), which is expected to promote more and better dialogue between importers and foreign vendors for their particular items.
This pace of economic liberalization would also show in terms of lay off of inefficient staff of the PSUs. This step though harsh is quite inevitable, e.g. the Government has for decades been paying salaries to useless staff of the National Textile Corporation Mills, a number of sick mills of the NTC may have to be sold off to the Corporate Sector. With a rapid pace of economic liberalization, firms from other countries would fill our markets with quality goods at cheaper rates. The Indian fill our markets with quality goods at cheaper rates. The Indian manufacturer is already feeling the pinch in the Sectors of the computer, textiles, light machinery, consumer electronic goods, and several other consumer goods items.
With the liberalization of economy, it is imminent that, exports and imports would both get an impetus, thus fastening the economic growth of the country.
Let us now analyse how this economic liberalization would help the common Indian masses. This liberalization would enhance the living standards of the Indians in general. The Indian consumer would now have a wide range of choices in television, music system, cars, clothes and textiles and several other consumer products. This has come into being because of the competition with foreign players in India. Computerization is expanding at a very fast speed, and so now, we are producing the best machinery products and services with foreign collaboration. Redtapism is also seen to be reducing, and the once adamant bureaucracy is now seen helping in the growth of Indian economy. The latest techniques in management are now being adapted by us.
Besides these advantages, the Private Sector has also been allowed a free hand in domestic foreign trade. The system of licensing has been liberalized.
Now, the rural masses are also enjoying the advantages of the liberal policies of the Government. All rural areas now have access to colour Tvs, cable network and telephones. The STD and ISD have also reached the interiors of rural India. Besides just these, the rural people are also now enjoying a better standard of living, due to the coming of new and cheaper technologies in the Indian economy scenario refrigerators, TVs, computers, water pumps, health facilities, medicines transport and vehicles are the blessings of this liberalized economy.
This flourishing of a liberal economy of India is of course, not without its drawbacks. The multinationals who have entered the Indian scene, have elbowed away several local competitors from the scene, which has made the local manufacturer suffer heavily as, they have lost the battle in the competition against Multinational Companies. This economic liberalization has opened for us huge vistas of a free market system. In this system, the rich may be able to compete but the 52% of our population that is below poverty line will no longer succeed in getting a Government loan or a grant, so, this small business community will get enmeshed in the labarynth of absolute poverty. Thus, in a way this liberalization of economy will make the poor still poorer.
Thus summing, we can say that, economic liberalization is a slow and cumbersome process. In this process each one of us has to join hands with the state, and learn to waster less and produce more. The state and the individual must move hand in hand do that the nation grows as one single unit. We should not get scared of any of these teething troubles of economic liberalization and continue to go ahead with the process till we get out of the woods and become an economic power like China and others.
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